Author: Sara Nazir

In the contemporary global economy, energy markets remain deeply intertwined with geopolitical stability. Few regions illustrate this reality more clearly than the Middle East, where political tensions and armed conflicts regularly reverberate across global oil markets. In an era already marked by supply disruptions following the Russia-Ukraine War, the world has become acutely sensitive to any instability that threatens energy-producing regions. For many developing economies, including Pakistan, the pursuit of peace and stability in the Middle East is not merely a diplomatic aspiration. It is an economic necessity. The strategic significance of the region lies in its central role within…

For Pakistan, the persistence of cross-border terrorism emanating from Afghanistan represents a structural security challenge rather than an episodic concern. Recent open-source visuals and local reporting from the Bajaur border region, when assessed alongside United Nations monitoring reports, indicate continued militant movement across the Pakistan-Afghanistan frontier. These developments reinforce long-standing concerns that Afghan territory continues to be exploited by militant groups to mount attacks against Pakistan, undermining civilian safety and border stability. This evolving threat environment is best understood through the terrorist safe haven framework in security studies. The safe haven literature explains how militant organizations exploit weak, ungoverned, or…